(Source)
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/04/world/asia/errors-cast-doubt-on-japans-cleanup-of-nuclear-accident-site.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0
By MARTIN FACKLER Published: September 3, 2013
NARAHA, Japan — In this small farming town in the evacuation zone surrounding the stricken Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, small armies of workers in surgical masks and rubber gloves are busily scraping off radioactive topsoil in a desperate attempt to fulfill the central government’s vow one day to allow most of Japan’s 83,000 evacuees to return. Yet, every time it rains, more radioactive contamination cascades down the forested hillsides along the rugged coast.
Nearby, thousands of workers and a small fleet of cranes are preparing
for one of the latest efforts to avoid a deepening environmental
disaster that has China and other neighbors increasingly worried:
removing spent fuel rods from the damaged No. 4 reactor building and
storing them in a safer place.
The government announced Tuesday that it would spend $500 million on new
steps to stabilize the plant, including an even bigger project: the
construction of a frozen wall to block a flood of groundwater into the
contaminated buildings. The government is taking control of the cleanup
from the plant’s operator, the Tokyo Electric Power Company.
The triple meltdown at Fukushima in 2011 is already considered the
world’s worst nuclear accident since Chernobyl. The new efforts, as
risky and technically complex as they are expensive, were developed in
response to a series of accidents, miscalculations and delays that have
plagued the cleanup effort, making a mockery of the authorities’ early
vows to “return the site to an empty field” and leading to the release
of enormous quantities of contaminated water.
As the environmental damage around the plant and in the ocean nearby
continues to accumulate more than two years after the disaster, analysts
are beginning to question whether the government and the plant’s
operator, known as Tepco, have the expertise and ability to manage such a
complex crisis.
In the past, they say, Tepco has resorted to technological quick fixes
that have failed to control the crisis, further damaged Japan’s flagging
credibility and only deflected hard decisions into the future. Some
critics said the government’s new proposals offer just more of the same.
“Japan is clearly living in denial,” said Kiyoshi Kurokawa, a medical
doctor who led Parliament’s independent investigation last year into the
causes of the nuclear accident. “Water keeps building up inside the
plant, and debris keeps piling up outside of it. This is all just one
big shell game aimed at pushing off the problems until the future.”
Problems at the plant seemed to take a sharp turn for the worse in July
with the discovery of leaks of contaminated water into the Pacific
Ocean. Two weeks ago, Tepco announced that 300 tons of water laced with
radioactive strontium, a particle that can be absorbed into human bones,
had drained from a faulty tank into the sea.
Contaminated water, used to cool fuel in the plant’s three damaged
reactors to prevent them from overheating, will continue to be produced
in huge quantities until the flow of groundwater into the buildings can
be stopped — a prospect that is months or even years away. At the same
time, delays and setbacks in the enormous effort to clean up the
countryside are further undermining confidence in the government’s
ability to deliver on its promises and eroding the public’s faith in
nuclear power.
Officials and proponents of the cleanup say difficulties are inevitable
given the monumental scale of the problems. But a growing number of
critics say the troubles are at least partly a result of fundamental
flaws in the current cleanup, and they wondered whether Tuesday’s
announcement might have been made with an eye to the International
Olympic Committee, which will decide shortly on the site of the 2020
Summer Games.
The cleanup efforts to date, critics said, were grandiose but ultimately
ill-conceived public works projects begun as a knee-jerk reaction by
the government’s powerful central ministries to deflect public criticism
and to protect the clubby and insular nuclear power industry from
oversight by outsiders.
The biggest public criticism has involved the government’s decision to
leave the cleanup in the hands of Tepco, which has seemed incapable of
getting the plant fully under control. Each step Tepco has taken seems
only to produce new problems. The recent leaking tank was one of
hundreds that have been hastily built to hold the 430,000 tons of
contaminated water at the plant, and the amount of that water increases
at a rate of 400 tons per day. On Wednesday, nuclear regulators said
radiation levels at other spots near the tanks had risen, suggesting the
possibility of other, still undetected, leaks.
Critics complain that the government-run committee that has overseen
Tepco’s cleanup is loaded with nuclear industry insiders and overseen by
the trade minister, Toshimitsu Motegi, whose ministry is in charge of
promoting nuclear power. They say Japan may be able to come up with
better, more sustainable plans if it opens the process to outsiders like
Japanese nonnuclear companies and foreigners.
As the government takes a more direct hand in the cleanup, Mr. Motegi
has acknowledged that the old approach is working poorly, if at all.
“The response to the contaminated water problem has been left to Tepco,
and has ended up looking like a game of whack-a-mole,” he told reporters
on Monday.
Mr. Motegi’s ministry will now take charge of the plant’s cleanup. This
will include the plan to stop the influx of groundwater into the reactor
buildings by sealing them off behind a mile-long subterranean wall of
ground frozen by liquid coolant.
Some critics have dismissed the “ice wall” as a costly technology that
would be vulnerable at the blackout-prone plant because it relies on
electricity the way a freezer does, and even more so because it has
never been tried on the vast scale that Japan is envisioning and was
always considered a temporary measure, while at Fukushima it would have
to endure possibly for decades.
But industry experts said the technology had been used frequently to
stabilize ground in big construction projects, like the Big Dig highway
project in Boston.
Nuclear experts also questioned the government’s longer-term plan to
extract the fuel cores from the reactors, which if successful would
eliminate the major source of contamination. Some doubted whether it was
even technically feasible to extricate the fuel because of the extent
of the damage during the explosions and subsequent meltdowns.
Even at Three Mile Island, where the reactor vessel remained intact,
removing the fuel by remote-controlled machinery was a tricky
engineering feat. While great strides have been made in robotics since
then, damage to the containment vessels at Fukushima makes the problems
there much more complex.
Molten fuel not only piled up like wax from a candle on the vessel
floor, as at Three Mile Island, but ran through cracks into the piping
and machinery below. Some experts warn that it may even have found its
way into the ground beneath the buildings.
Scientists have played down the current threat from contaminated water,
saying the new leaks are producing small increases in radioactivity in
the Fukushima harbor that remain far lower than immediately after the
March 2011 crisis.
“This continued leakage is not the scale of what we had originally,”
said Ken O. Buesseler, a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution on Cape Cod who has long studied the disaster. “But it’s
persistent.”
Perhaps the principal threat of the radioactive water is to the Japanese
government, which after all the missteps cannot afford to look feckless
before a citizenry that is already distrustful of its pronouncements
and dubious about nuclear energy.
In view of that, some experts dismiss the current cleanup plans as just a
way of defending the status quo by convincing the public that the
damage can be undone, and that more drastic steps, like paying more
compensation to displaced residents or permanently shutting the nation’s
other nuclear power plants, are unnecessary.
“This is just a tactic to avoid taking responsibility,” said Harutoshi
Funabashi, a sociologist at Hosei University who led a critical
examination of the recovery efforts by the Science Council of Japan,
a group of about 2,000 academics. “Admitting that no one can live near
the plant for a generation would open the way for all sorts of probing
questions and doubts.”
Mr. Funabashi and other critics say Japan should consider other options,
including the tactic adopted by the former Soviet Union at Chernobyl of
essentially capping the shattered reactors in concrete and declaring
the most contaminated towns off limits for a generation.
Japanese officials said the large amounts of groundwater under the plant
mean that just covering the reactors with concrete would fail to
contain the spread of radiation. They also said giving up on a large
portion of Fukushima was not an option in a densely populated country
where land remains a scarce commodity.
But they also suggested that the reason for eschewing a Soviet-style
option may be the fear that failure could turn a wary public even more
decisively against Japan’s nuclear industry.
“If we just buried the reactors, no one would want to see the face of
another nuclear power plant for years,” said Shunsuke Kondo, chairman of
the Atomic Energy Commission, an advisory body in the Cabinet Office.
Unease about the worsening situation is evident among the residents of
evacuated communities like Naraha. The cleanup here has gone more
quickly than in other evacuated towns, with most decontamination
expected to be finished sometime next year. Even so, town officials said
that when they asked Naraha’s 7,600 residents whether they would move
back, most said they would refuse as long as the plant remained in its
current unstable state.
“Every three days, there seems to be a new problem up there,” said
Yukiei Matsumoto, the mayor of Naraha, whose town hall is now housed in a
conference center at a university just outside the 12-mile-radius
evacuation zone. “The longer this continues, the more distant the
townspeople feel from Tepco and the national government.”
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